Que faire en cas d'épidémie de choléra

Comment prévenir le CHOLERA

Le choléra peut être évité grâce à un assainissement une utilisation et un traitement prudent de l'eau avant de la boire ou de la cuire et une manipulation soigneuse des aliments.

Sanitaires

• Construire des installations sanitaires en cas d'urgence à au moins 30 mètres de toute source d'eau.
• Assurer un point d'eau à proximité pour que les personnes puissent se laver les mains après avoir utilisé les toilettes (exemple robinet Tippy)
• Toujours se laver les mains avec du savon après avoir utilisé les toilettes.
• Toujours se laver les mains avec du savon avant de cuisiner.
• Ne jamais utiliser une serviette commune pour sécher vos mains, utilisez un chiffon propre ou séchez-les au soleil.

Transporter une personne souffrant de diarrhée

• Si possible, mettre les jambes du patient dans un grand sac en plastique jusqu’à la taille. Cela permet de collecter les selles.
• Si vous devez utiliser un véhicule pour transporter le malade, tapisser les sièges et le plancher de la voiture avec de grands sacs ou un plastique épais.
• Recueillez le vomissement du patient dans des sacs en plastique. Remettez-les au personnel de l'hôpital pour une élimination appropriée.
• Tout ce qui a été contaminé et qui ne peut pas être désinfectés, doit être brûlé.
• Les personnes décédées doivent être enterrées loin des sources d'eau. Il en va de même pour les animaux morts. Toujours se laver soigneusement après manipulation.

Préparation d'une latrines à fosse d’urgence

En cas d'urgence, pendant que des latrines plus permanente sont en cours de construction, une fosse simple peut être creusée comme une solution temporaire pour l'évacuation des excréments humains. Il doit avoir une profondeur d'au moins 1/2 mètre et être à au moins 20 mètres à partir d'un puits ou d'une autre source d'eau potable. Lorsque cela est possible, la fosse doit être à au moins 6 mètres de la maison la plus proche. Elle ne doit pas être située en amont de la source d'eau ou creusée dans un sol marécageux. Le fond de la fosse ne doit jamais pénétrer la nappe phréatique. Après chaque utilisation, une couche de terre doit être prévue dans la fosse. Dans une zone touchée par le choléra, la fosse devrait également être revêtue chaque jour avec une couche de chaux vive.

L'EAU

• Do not drink untreated water.
• Treat water using at least 2 methods:

Filtering through fabric, sand or other material and boiling Filtering through fabric, sand or other material and adding lime or lemon Filtering through fabric, sand or other material and adding chlorine

• Keep water containers clean and do not put hands in drinking water.

FOOD

• Cook food thoroughly and eat it while it is hot.
• Fish and shellfish are a major cause of cholera: only eat them if they are well-cooked.
• Do not mix cooked foods with raw foods like salads or relishes.
• Exclude infected persons from handling food.
• Wash vegetables and fruit in treated water before use, or peel them if there is no water.
• Discourage the habit of several people eating together from a communal food container.

How to identify CHOLERA

signs and symptoms

Cholera is a severe form of diarrhea caused by bacteria in water. Cholera spreads very quickly in emergency condition and can lead to many deaths. The symptoms of cholera are:

• Diarrhea “like rice water” in very large quantities
• Vomiting
• Leg cramps
• Weakness

Diarrhea and vomiting can lead very quickly to severe dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. To help everyone in the community identify and prevent cholera, everyone should participate in the following activities:

• Water purification
• Sanitation
• Safe food preparation
• Learning to make oral rehydration formula

To prevent cholera and avoid panic in the community, information is essential.
By knowing what cholera is and how to prevent it, everyone can be protected.

How to treat CHOLERA

The most important treatment for cholera is oral rehydration. Except in severe cases, antibiotics will not help at all. When a person has watery diarrhea or diarrhea and vomiting, do not wait for signs of dehydration. Act quickly. Give lots of liquids to drink such as a thin cereal porridge or gruel, soup, water or rehydration drink. Keep giving food. As soon as the sick person can eat, give frequent feedings of foods he likes. To babies, keep giving breast milk often — and before other drinks. Rehydration drink helps to prevent or treat dehydration. It does not cure cholera or diarrhea, but may give enough time for the illness to go away by itself.

Hygien is very important while in contact with a person contaminated!

Rehydration solution

Below are two ways of making rehydration drink. If you can, add half a cup of fruit juice, coconut water, or mashed ripe banana to either drink. These contain potassium, a mineral which helps a sick person accept more food and drink. Give the person sips of this drink every 5 minutes, day and night, until he begins to urinate normally. A large person needs 3 or more liters a day. A small child usually needs at least 1 liter a day, or 1 glass for each watery stool. Keep giving the drink often, and in small sips. Even if the person vomits, not all of the drink will be vomited.

Rehydration drink made with powdered cereal and salt.

(Powdered rice is best. But you can use finely ground maize, wheat fl our, sorghum, or cooked and mashed potatoes.) In 1 liter of clean WATER put half of a level teaspoon of SALT, and 8 heaping teaspoons of powdered CEREAL. Boil for 5 to 7 minutes to form a liquid gruel or watery porridge. Cool the drink quickly and begin to give it to the sick person. CAUTION: Taste the drink each time before you give it to make sure that it has not spoiled. Cereal drinks can spoil within a few hours in hot weather.

Rehydration drink made with sugar and salt.

(You can use raw, brown sugar or molasses instead of white sugar.) In 1 liter of clean WATER put half of a level teaspoon of SALT, and 8 level teaspoons of SUGAR. Mix well. CAUTION: Before adding the sugar, taste the drink and be sure it is less salty than tears.

How to make water safe for drinking and cooking

Surface water and water from leaking pipes and open cisterns and wells may be contaminated with cholera and other germs. This water should be carefully treated before drinking! There are different ways to treat surface water or other water sources that are likely to be contaminated. The quickest ways are boiling, bleaching, and adding lime or lemon. No matter how it is treated it should be settled and filtered first, or the treatment may not work.

1. Settle and filter the water

1. Let water settle until solids have settled out and water is more-or-less clear.
2. Pour water through a filter made of clean fabric or a sand and charcoal filter.

To use a fabric filter

Fold at least 4 times, a clean cotton sari cloth preferably an old cloth, and stretch or tie it over the mouth of a clean jar. Pour water slowly into the jar through the cloth. After using the cloth, wash it and leave it in the sun to dry, or disinfect the cloth with bleach to kill germs.

To use a sand filter

There are various design of very efficient sand filters, but a very simple emergency filter would be the following:

1. Make a few holes at the bottom of a clean container (the container should be as big as possible).
2. Fill the bottom of the container with a layer of clean peeble, round river stones, a layer of clean small stones, a layer of gravel and a thick layer of clean sand (more than half of the container should be filled with sand, the thicker the sand layer, the better).
3. Put a large stone on top to avoid disturbing the top layer of sand.
4. Let water flow throuh it till the water is clear.
5. Boil the clear filtered water, as this type of filter has to be more precisely done and needs to function up to three weeks and kept wet continously before it is able to remove all bacterias.
   

• The water can be passed through a second container with gravel size crushed wood charcoal to remove bad taste, but the charcoal should be changed often as there can be bacterial growth in the charcoal.

2. Boil or add bleach. If you have no bleach, use lemon or lime.=

Boiling

• Bring water to a rapid boil for at least 1 minute.
• Pour water into a clean container to cool.

Use of bleach

Because household bleach is the most common form of chlorine, this chart shows how to disinfect water with household bleach. Household bleach may have different amounts of chlorine. Most common are 3.5% and 5%. The easiest way to measure the amount of bleach needed is to first make a mother solution (about 1% chlorine) First prepare the mother solution: 1. Add 1 cup of bleach to a clean, empty beer bottle. 2. Fill the bottle with clean water. 3. Shake the bottle for 30 seconds. 4. Let it sit for 30 minutes. Your mother solution is ready. and then add this solution to the water you want to disinfect.

• For 1 liter (or 1 quart) ->3 drops
• For 1 gallon (or 4 liters) ->12 drops
• For 5 gallons (or 20 liter) ->1 teaspoon
• For a (200 liter barrel ) -> 10 teaspoons

Add these amounts of the mother solution to clear water and wait at least 30 minutes before drinking the water. If the water is cloudy, you need twice as much of the bleach solution.

Use of lime or lemon

(! This method will not kill all germs and bacteria !, but is safer than no treatment at all and can prevent many cases of cholera)

• Add the juice of 1 lime or lemon per liter of drinking water, to kill cholera germs.
• Pour water into a clean container.

Keep water containers clean.

• Make sure the water storage container stays clean!
• Do not put dirty containers, hands or anything else in the water container.
• Do not drink from the jar or from the water container
• Pour water off directly into clean cups for use.